Sources & Further Reading
Collection records anchor objects; editions anchor texts; scholarship helps interpret both. Reconstructed diagrams and modern notation are labeled where they appear.
Sources & further reading
Collection record
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
British Museum. c. 1550 BCE.
British Museum Collection · EA10058
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Translations from Selected Tablets
Alexander Jones · Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University. Before Pythagoras exhibition pamphlet.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
Historical Background of Plimpton 322
Antonella Perucca and Deborah Stranen. 2020. MAA Convergence.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Archimedes: Numerical analysis
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Nine chapters
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Sun Zi (400–460)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Aryabhata (476–550)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
The Classical period: Aryabhata and his commentators
MacTutor History of Mathematics archive · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Brahmagupta (598–670)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (808–873)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
Ibn al-Haytham's Lemmas for Solving ‘Alhazen’s Problem’
A. I. Sabra. Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
Al-Khwarizmi
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, hosted by University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Use original Atlas diagrams only; consult the holding institution before reusing images or scans.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Euclid’s Elements, Book I, Proposition 1
David E. Joyce · Clark University. Translated by David E. Joyce.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
A Classic from China: The Nine Chapters — Matrices
Randy K. Schwartz. 2018. MAA Convergence.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews. 2003.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Brahmagupta (598–670)
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol zero
University of Oxford Gardens, Libraries and Museums. 2017.
Bodleian Libraries
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Radiocarbon dating of the Bakhshālī manuscript
David Chivall, Virginia Lladó-Buisán, David Howell and Gillian Evison. 2024. Oxford University Research Archive.
Bodleian Libraries
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
Completing the Square: From the Roots of Algebra
Daniel E. Otero. 2019. MAA Convergence.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Historical scholarship
Completing the Square
Barnabas Hughes. MAA Convergence.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Atlas diagrams are original explanatory reconstructions. Consult the publisher or holding institution before reusing source images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Collection record
YBC 7289, obverse and reverse: collection photograph
Urcia, A. · Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; combined image by Theodor Langhorne Franklin. 2019.
Yale Babylonian Collection · YPM BC 021354 / YBC 7289
Provenance and reuse
CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication, as recorded on the file page. The original photograph is served locally. The observation view crops to the obverse; the investigation view enlarges a detail with CSS. No marks have been redrawn. The unmodified combined image remains available.
Accessed 2026-09-23.
Primary Source
Algebra in Cuneiform: YBC 6967
Jens Høyrup · Max Planck Research Library. 2017. Chapter 3: The Fundamental Techniques for the Second Degree; section YBC 6967.
Yale Babylonian Collection · YBC 6967
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Original Atlas diagrams are labeled reconstructions. Consult the institution for reuse of its images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
A 3,800-year journey from classroom to classroom
Patrick Lynch · Yale University. 2016.
Yale Babylonian Collection · YBC 7289
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Original Atlas diagrams are labeled reconstructions. Consult the institution for reuse of its images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Analysis of YBC 7289
Bill Casselman · University of British Columbia.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Original Atlas diagrams are labeled reconstructions. Consult the institution for reuse of its images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
University resource
Babylonian numerals
J. J. O’Connor and E. F. Robertson · University of St Andrews. 2000.
Provenance and reuse
Linked source; no third-party media reproduced. Original Atlas diagrams are labeled reconstructions. Consult the institution for reuse of its images.
Accessed 2026-09-20.
Diagrams and teaching explanations are original Atlas reconstructions unless otherwise identified. Source checking and automated tests do not imply a recorded human historical review.